英语组 许成松
分词有现在分词（doing） 和过去分词（done）两种，主要在句中担任状语、定语、宾补和表语的成分。这是高中英语的一个重点和难点，历年高考都有涉及，现简要就分词的用法归纳如下：
一、现在分词短语作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式或伴随情况，相当于状语从句。例如：
1. The children came in, talking and laughing . （作伴随状语）
2. Not knowing his address, I can’t call on him in person.（作原因状语）（否定式）
3. Not having finished his homework, he couldn’t go to bed so early.（作原因状语）（完成式的否定式）
4. Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. （作时间状语）（完成式的被动式）
5. The dangerous fish can eat a man in only 5 minutes, leaving only bones.（作结果状语）（表示自然而然产生的结果）
比较一下：We ran all the way to the station, only to find that the train had already left.（此句中不定式也作结果状语，但是常用来表示出乎预料或意外的结果）
6. When we visited my old home, memory came flooding back.（作方式状语）
使用现在分词时要注意以下几点：
（一）现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，现在分词和逻辑主语之间的关系为主动关系，或称主谓关系。
例如：Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. (= when they heard the news, they all jumped for joy. )（作时间状语）（主动关系）
（二）独立主格结构：当句子的主语不是分词的逻辑主语时，分词要带有自己独立的主格，在句中作状语，不是一个句子。例如：
① Weather permitting, we will go climbing tomorrow .(= If weather permits, we will go climbing tomorrow. ) （作条件状语）
② It being a fine day , we went out for a picnic last Sunday. (= Because it was a fine day, we went out for a picnic last Sunday.) （作原因状语）
比较下面的句子：All things considered, we will be much more successful. (= If all things are considered, we will be much more successful.)
此句中all things considered为过去分词的独立主格结构，表示被动的关系。
（三）垂悬分词：有时现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种分词叫垂悬分词。如judging from/ by, considering (that ), generally speaking 等.
例如：
①Judging from his accent , he must be from the south.
②Considering he is just a child, he has learnt a lot about it.
二、过去分词作状语，当分词和句子的主语之间的关系为动宾关系、被动关系时，我们则用过去分词作状语。例如：
1. Given more time, I can do it better.
(= If I am given more time, I can do it better.) （作条件状语）
2. Inspired by his speech, we took action at once. （作原因状语）（动宾关系/ 被动关系）
3. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, compared with his old one. （作比较状语）
说明一下，现在分词和过去分词作状语的主要区别在于：现在分词和句子主语之间的关系为主动关系或称主谓关系，而过去分词和句子主语之间的关系则为被动关系或称动宾关系。
三、现在分词和过去分词作定语
先比较一下：
a sleeping car 卧铺车
（=a car for sleeping）（表示作用和用途）
a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿
（=a boy who is sleeping.）(表示动作）
boiling water沸水（正在沸腾的水）
boiled water 开水（已烧开的水）
developing countries 发展中国家
developed countries 发达国家
the bridge being built (now ) （ 现在分词的被动式）
the bridge to be built ( next year)
（不定式的被动式，表示将来的含义）
the bridge built last year （过去分词表示完成和 被动的含义）
我们再看现在分词和过去分词作定语在句子中的应用：
1. Have you met the boss managing the company ?（现在分词，表示主动关系）
（=Have you met the boss who manages the company ？）
2. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket covering the desert. （现在分词，表示主动关系/ 主谓关系）
3. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit grown on his own farm.（过去分词，表示被动关系）
(=For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit which is grown on his own farm.)
4. We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday. （不定式，表示将来的含义）
5. It is one of the funniest things found on the Internet so far this year.（过去分词，表示被动关系）
四、现在分词和过去分词作表语
1. All of us were so disappointed at his absence.
2. Though the trip was tiring, we felt very happy.
五、现在分词和过去分词作宾补
1. He kept us laughing all the time during the meal.
2. He was caught cheating in the exam.
3. He raised his voice to make himself heard.
4. I saw him rob an old woman of her handbag.
5. I saw him robbed of his bag.
六、分词在with 的复合结构中的用法
with 的复合结构：with +宾+宾补（adj. / adv. 介词短语 / to do / doing / done ）
（一）作状语
1. We found the house easily with the little boy leading the way. （作原因状语，现在分词作宾补，表示主动关系）
2. With all the things ( he needed ) bought, she went home happily. （过去分词作宾补，表示动宾关系/ 被动关系）
3. With nothing to do, they went to see a film. （不定式作宾补）
（二）作定语
He bought a house with a swimming pool in the garden.
七、区分：现在分词和动名词（doing ）
现在分词，在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可作状语、定语、表语和宾补；动名词，在句中起名词的作用，可作主语、宾语 、介宾和表语。例如：
1. Seeing is believing .（动名词）
2. My job is teaching you English .（作表语）（动名词）
3. I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there ．（动名词的被动式作宾语）
4. I can’t stand working with Jane and being laughed at now and then.（动名词作宾语）
以上只是对现在分词和过去分词作了一个简单归纳，还有很多情况有待大家在学习过程中逐渐探索发现，也希望学生们能在实际运用中多多总结，在实践中提高，在提高中完善。
（赵建民老师编审）
